黄盖锐鳞环柄菇Echinoderma flavidoasperum

描述1 描述来源：New species of Echinoderma and Lepiota (Agaricaceae) from China
类型：原白（原始描述）
描述原文：
Echinoderma flavidoasperum Y.J. Hou & Z.W. Ge, sp. nov. FIG. 2a–e, 3a–d
MycoBank: MB 833747
Etymology:—flavidoasperum, from the Latin flavidus = yellow, named for its similarity to E. asperum but with yellow coloration in the pileus.
Diagnosis:—Echinoderma flavidoasperum differs from E. asperum by the yellowish pileus, nearly smooth stipe discoloring light red when bruised, and broad, clavate to sphaeropedunculate cheilocystidia. Type:—CHINA. Yunnan Province: Lijiang, Lijiang Alpine Botanical Garden, in Quercus sp. forest, elevation 2950 m, 100°11’ E, 27°0’ N, 12 August 2014, Q. Zhao 2139 (holotype HKAS 87905!) GenBank Acc. No.:—ITS = MN810147, LSU = MN810098, tef1-α = MN820903, rpb2 = MN820969
Description:—Basidiomata (FIG. 2a–e) medium-sized. Pileus 70–90 mm, at first nearly hemispherical, then convex to plano-convex, finally expanded, surface rough, dirty white (1B1) to pale buff (1A6), dry, entirely covered with pointed or granular squamules when young; squamules stand upright with pileus growing, pointed, wart-like, pale buff (1A6), yellow (1A2), pale-ferruginous (6A2) near the center, compact, separable; context white. Lamellae free, closely crowded, white (1A1) to cream (2A2), forked. Stipe subcylindrical, 70–150 × 10–20 mm, hollow, slightly broadened towards base, upper part of the stipe (above the annulus) white (1A1), lower part creamy yellow (1A2), nearly smooth, changing light red (7A2) when bruised; context white (1A1). Annulus present, apical to subapical, ring-shaped, membranous, creamy yellow (1A2), densely covered with granular or pointed squamules, annulus and squamules easily fall off. Lacking a distinctive odor.
Lamellar trama regular. Composed of hyphae 3–10 (15) μm in diameter. Basidia (FIG. 3b) 13–20 × 6–8 μm, clavate, 4-spored; sterigmata 2–3 μm long; sometimes with clamps on basal septa. Basidiospores (FIG. 3a) [40/2/2] (6.0–)6.5–7.5(–8.5) × 2.8–3.0(–3.5) μm, Q = (1.87)1.94–2.5(2.73), Qm = 2.27 ± 0.18, subcylindrical, dextrinoid, colorless, thin-walled, smooth; apiculus small. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia (FIG. 3c) 12–30 × 8–20 μm, abundant, hyaline, mostly broadly clavate to sphaeropedunculate, occasionally irregular, sometimes with basal clamp connections. Squamules (FIG. 3d) composed of chains of subglobose, pyriform to cylindrical enlarged cells. Terminal cells (up to 35 × 55 μm) are markedly ballooned, subspherical or ellipsoid, slightly enlarged cells at base (20–47 × 6–13 μm), basal connate hyphae subcylindrical, 4–6 μm diam., with pale yellow intracellular pigments, thin-walled. Clamp connections present in all tissues.
Habitat and Distribution:—Solitary to scattered on soil in subalpine forests dominated by Picea sp. or Quercus sp.; basidiomata occurring in summer and autumn. Known from southwestern and northwestern China.
Additional specimen examined:—CHINA. Gansu Province: Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, in Picea forest, elevation 2700 m, 12 August 2012, X.T. Zhu 678 (HKAS 76527!)
Comments:—Echinoderma flavidoasperum is characterized by its yellowish pileus with yellowish, yellowish brown or pale-ferruginous pyramidal squamules, nearly smooth stipe that changes to light red when bruised, and broadly clavate to sphaeropedunculate or rarely irregular cheilocystidia. Echinoderma flavidoasperum forms a well supported clade in the phylogeny (100% BS, 1.0 PP) and is closely related to Echinoderma asperum complex. The well-known taxon E. asperum is characterized by the brown, reddish brown or dark brown sharply pointed squamules, frequently forked lamellae, stipe covered with tomentose or fibrillose veil remnants, a superior skirt-like annulus, and unpleasant smell that is similar to Lepiota cristata (Bolton) P. Kumm.. Echinoderma flavidoasperum is very similar to E. asperum and E. aff. asperum in both the basidiospore shape and the structure of the pyramidal squamules. However, E. flavidoasperum has a yellow pileus covered with darker squamules that conceal the white flesh, ring shaped annulus, and nearly smooth stipe that change color to light red when bruised. Echinoderma hystrix differs from E. flavidoasperum by its unforked lamellae, its black eroded lamellar edges and the stipe that may exude yellowish brown to dark-brown droplets when fresh (Candusso & Lanzoni 1990, Shao & Xiang 1997, Kibby 2009, Clesse & Marchal, 2012). Echinoderma perplexum (Knudsen) Bon differs by its unforked or rarely forked lamellae, the stipe with cortinate annulus-zone, and basidiospores that are typically not longer than 6 or 7 μm (Candusso & Lanzoni 1990, Kibby 2009).

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参考翻译：
黄锐鳞环柄菇Echinoderma flavidoasperum Y.J. Hou & Z.W. Ge 新物种
Mycobank编号：MB 833747
词源学：flavidoasperum，来自拉丁文flavidus（黄色），指其相似于锐鳞环柄菇E. asperum但菌盖有黄色调。
特征：黄锐鳞环柄菇和锐鳞环柄菇的区别是其黄色调的菌盖；菌柄基本光滑，受伤变红；宽棒状至球头短柄状的褶缘囊状体。
模式标本：中国，云南省：丽江，丽江高山植物园，栎属物种Quercus林地中，海拔2950m，100°11’ E, 27°0’ N，2014.08.12，Q. Zhao 2139（主模式 HKAS 87905） GenBank序列：ITS = MN810147, LSU = MN810098, tef1-α = MN820903, rpb2 = MN820969
描述：担子果中等大小。菌盖70-90mm，初期近半圆形，后凸镜形至扁凸镜形，最后平展；表面粗糙，污白色至浅褐色，干燥，幼年时整个被刺状或粒状鳞片覆盖，鳞片随着生长逐渐变得直立锥状或疣状，菌盖中部的鳞片浅褐色、黄色或浅黄褐色，密集，鳞片各自独立可以分开。菌肉白色。菌褶离生，密集，白色至奶油色，分叉。菌柄近圆柱状，70–150 × 10–20 mm，空心，基部略膨大，菌环以上白色，菌环一下奶油黄色，近光滑，受伤变浅红色，菌肉白色。菌环存在，近顶生，戒指状，膜质，奶油黄色，密被颗粒状或刺状鳞片，菌环和鳞片易脱落。气味不明显。
菌褶菌髓规则形，由3–10 (15) μm宽的菌丝组成。担子13–20 × 6–8 μm，棒状，4小梗，小梗2-3μm长，担子基部有时有锁状联合。
担孢子(6.0–)6.5–7.5(–8.5) × 2.8–3.0(–3.5) μm，长宽比Q = (1.87)1.94–2.5(2.73)，平均长宽比Qm = 2.27 ± 0.18，近圆柱形，类糊精质，无色，薄壁，光滑，小尖小。无侧生囊状体。褶缘囊状体丰富，12–30 × 8–20 μm，无色，一般宽棒状至球头短柄转换，偶尔形状不规则，有时基部有锁状联合。菌盖上的鳞片由链状的近球形、梨形至圆柱形膨大细胞构成，末端细胞达35 × 55 μm，明显膨大，近球形或椭圆形，基部有略膨大的细胞（20–47 × 6–13 μm），基部菌丝近圆柱形，宽4-6μm，有淡黄色胞内色素，薄壁。锁状联合存在于子实体各部位。
生境和分布：夏秋季单生或散生在亚高山林中，以云杉属Picea或栎属Quercus物种为主。
研究标本：中国：甘肃，甘南藏族自治州，云杉林，海拔2700m，2012.08.12，X.T. Zhu 678（HKAS 76527）
讨论：黄锐鳞环柄菇主要特征是菌盖黄色调，被黄色、黄褐色至淡黄褐色锥形鳞片，菌柄近光滑且受伤变红色，宽棒状、球头短柄状、偶尔不规则的褶缘囊状体。本种在系统树上形成支持率高的一个枝条(100% BS, 1.0 PP)，和锐鳞环柄菇复合群近缘。著名的锐鳞环柄菇的特征是盖表鳞片褐色、红褐色或深褐色，菌褶多分叉，菌柄被绒毛状或纤维状菌幕残余，菌环上位裙状，有近似于冠状环柄菇Lepiota cristata的恶心气味。黄锐鳞环柄菇和锐鳞环柄菇及锐鳞环柄菇近似种 #注——见本站中对锐鳞环柄菇的介绍# 在担孢子形状和锥形鳞片上都很相似，但黄锐鳞环柄菇菌盖偏黄色，盖表鳞片相对菌盖颜色更深，和白色菌肉形成对比，且它拥有戒指状的菌环，菌柄受伤时变红色，近光滑。Echinoderma hystrix和本种区别是其菌褶不分叉，菌褶边缘白色，缺损，菌柄新鲜时有时分泌黄褐色至深褐色液滴。Echinoderma perplexum和本种的区别是其菌褶不分叉或很少分叉，菌柄上有丝膜状的环区，担孢子一般不超过6-7μm长。